{"id":1250,"date":"2024-09-18T16:13:19","date_gmt":"2024-09-18T14:13:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.paraulesdesobedients.cat\/?p=1250"},"modified":"2024-09-18T16:13:19","modified_gmt":"2024-09-18T14:13:19","slug":"la-utopia-forcada-de-rapa-nui","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.paraulesdesobedients.cat\/es\/la-utopia-forcada-de-rapa-nui\/","title":{"rendered":"La utopia for\u00e7ada de Rapa Nui"},"content":{"rendered":"

Quan era molt jovenet vaig llegir el llibre de Thor Heyerdahl \u201cAku-Aku: el secret de l\u2019illa de Pasqua\u201d que per jo va ser molt interessant. Pareix que Heyerdahl\u00a0 anava foradat respecte a l\u2019origen inicialment sud-americ\u00e0 dels habitants de l\u2019illa (que eren polinesis) i tamb\u00e9 respecte a les t\u00e8cniques de fabricaci\u00f3 i transport dels moais (que eren locals i no importades). Per\u00f2 jo vaig quedar ben impressionat i sempre que escolt alguna not\u00edcia sobre l\u2019illa pos l\u2019orella i el pensament.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ara resulta que, el 12 de setembre passat, J. V\u00edctor Moreno-Mayars del <\/span>Centre for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen i altres estudioses han publicat un treball a Nature <\/span>(Moreno-Mayar et al., 2024)<\/span> (<\/span>L\u2019ADN apunta que els rapanui van arribar a Am\u00e8rica dos segles abans que Colom<\/span><\/i>, s.d.)<\/span> on, entre altres consideracions, arriben a la conclusi\u00f3 que no va haver-hi col\u00b7lapse civilitzatori per causes ecol\u00f2giques a Rapa Nui com va sostenir Jared Diamond <\/span>(Diamond, 2006)<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Breument, Diamond diu que la societat va col\u00b7lapsar a causa de la sobreexplotaci\u00f3 dels seus propis recursos naturals. Rapa Nui estava coberta de boscos semitropicals amb abundoses palmeres. Segons l\u2019an\u00e0lisi de Diamond, els habitants de l\u2019illa van utilitzar els recursos naturals de manera insostenible. Els arbres, especialment les palmeres, es van tallar per a construir canoes, per moure les grans est\u00e0tues de pedra (moai) i per obtenir llenya. A mesura que l’illa es desforestava, van comen\u00e7ar a patir erosi\u00f3 del s\u00f2l, la qual cosa va afectar la producci\u00f3 d’aliments. Sense arbres, tamb\u00e9 es van quedar sense fusta per fer canoes i aix\u00ed van perdre la capacitat de pescar a alta mar, depenent encara m\u00e9s de les terres, que s’anaven esgotant.<\/span><\/p>\n

Diamond destaca que aquest proc\u00e9s va ser gradual per\u00f2 imparable. Eventualment, la p\u00e8rdua de recursos va portar a tensions socials i guerres internes, a m\u00e9s d’una crisi demogr\u00e0fica i cultural. El seu argument central \u00e9s que la desforestaci\u00f3 de Rapa Nui serveix com una met\u00e0fora per als riscos que enfronta la civilitzaci\u00f3 moderna i no gestiona els recurs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Encuriosit,<\/span> m’he posat a \u201crepassar\u201d els fets hist\u00f2rics. Si anau a Scispace i pregunteu per \u201carticles relacionats amb la desforestaci\u00f3 de Rapa Nui\u201d <\/span>(<\/span>SciSpace Literature Review – Get to the Bottom of Scientific Literature<\/span><\/i>, s.d.)<\/span> veureu que ens dona abundant informaci\u00f3 i que una de les \u201cconclusions\u201d \u00e9s que contr\u00e0riament<\/span> a la narrativa del col\u00b7lapse social, l’evid\u00e8ncia suggereix que la civilitzaci\u00f3 Rapanui es va adaptar als canvis ambientals i va mantenir la resili\u00e8ncia fins al contacte europeu <\/span>(Rull, 2020)<\/span><\/p>\n

Mem, a l\u2019illa s\u00ed que hi va haver un desastre ecol\u00f2gic de gran envergadura. La desforestaci\u00f3 de Rapa Nui va ser el resultat d’una combinaci\u00f3 de factors. Per una banda, activitats humanes, com la tala per a la construcci\u00f3 de moais, canoes i focs, i l’expansi\u00f3 de l’agricultura. Per l’altra van influir la introducci\u00f3 de les rates polin\u00e8sies, que van impedir la regeneraci\u00f3 dels arbres, la degradaci\u00f3 del s\u00f2l, que va provocar un impacte ambiental a llarg termini i factors climatol\u00f2gics. Tot plegat va conduir a la desaparici\u00f3 dels boscos, deixant l’illa desforestada i limitant greument els recursos naturals disponibles per a la poblaci\u00f3 rapanui.<\/span><\/p>\n

Per tant, Diamond tenia ra\u00f3 en el desastre ecol\u00f2gic que va passar per\u00f2 no amb les seves conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies \u00faltimes sobre la gent habitant de l\u2019illa. Efectivament, a Rapa Nui es va produir una situaci\u00f3 colpidora, la seva quasi total desforestaci\u00f3, que podia haver ocasionat mortals conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies per la gent habitant de l\u2019illa. Per\u00f2\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e8 trobaren els navegants holandesos, encap\u00e7alats per l\u2019almirall <\/span>Jacob Roggeveen, quan hi desembarcaren el 5 d\u2019abril de 1722? <\/span>(Raybaud, 2022)<\/span> (<\/span>Easter Island ship logs: Jacob Roggeveen, 1722<\/span><\/i>, s.d.)<\/span> (Roggeveen & Roggeveen, 1970)<\/span> Segons les seves paraules \u201cuna poblaci\u00f3 amistosa per\u00f2 cautelosa (naturalment!), ben organitzada i relativament ben alimentada\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Quan els holandesos van arribar a Rapa Nui, van poder contemplar una societat que havia desenvolupat diverses adaptacions per fer front a la desforestaci\u00f3 i la p\u00e8rdua de recursos. En primer lloc, els rapanui havien implementat t\u00e8cniques agr\u00edcoles avan\u00e7ades, com els <\/span>manavai<\/span><\/i> i les terrasses, per protegir els cultius i conservar el s\u00f2l.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A m\u00e9s, van diversificar la seva alimentaci\u00f3, centrant-se en els recursos marins i el cultiu del moniato. Tamb\u00e9 van adoptar una nova religi\u00f3, el culte a l’home ocell, que va substituir la construcci\u00f3 de <\/span>moais<\/span><\/i> com a font de poder i estatus entre els clans.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Aquesta transici\u00f3 va anar acompanyada d’una major cooperaci\u00f3 entre els clans per compartir els recursos limitats, assegurant la subsist\u00e8ncia de la comunitat. Davant la manca de fusta, els rapanui van comen\u00e7ar a reutilitzar materials, com les pedres dels <\/span>moais<\/span><\/i> tombats.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tot i l’escassetat de recursos, van mantenir una estructura social resilient, amb l\u00edders que gestionaven els recursos i mantenien l’ordre. Finalment, la construcci\u00f3 de <\/span>moais<\/span><\/i> va disminuir, per\u00f2 la societat va continuar amb altres formes d’expressi\u00f3 cultural, com les competicions rituals, que proporcionaven prestigi sense dependre de grans monuments. Aquestes adaptacions van permetre als rapanui sobreviure en un entorn ecol\u00f2gicament degradat. <\/span>Els rapanui superaren la crisi i organitzaren la seva Utopia Rapa Nui. <\/span>(Fischer, 2006)<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Els fets desmenteixen la idea que davant de qualsevol mena de col\u00b7lapse anem necess\u00e0riament cap a una distopia. Aix\u00f2, segurament, \u00e9s el que ens volen fer creure i que interessa que creiem.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ah!! El col\u00b7lapse real de l\u2019illa, fins a la seva recuperaci\u00f3 posterior, es va produir quan les malalties dutes pels colonitzadors i els vaixells esclavistes hi arribaren m\u00e9s endavant. Per\u00f2 aquesta \u00e9s altra hist\u00f2ria, la hist\u00f2ria del capitalisme, no dels rapanui. A qu\u00e8 s\u00ed?<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Refer\u00e8ncies bibliogr\u00e0fiques<\/b><\/p>\n

Diamond, J. M. (2006). <\/span>Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed<\/span><\/i>. Penguin Books.<\/span><\/p>\n

Easter Island ship logs: Jacob Roggeveen, 1722<\/span><\/i>. (s.d.). Recuperat 15 setembre 2024, de https:\/\/www.easterisland.travel\/easter-island-facts-and-info\/history\/ship-logs-and-journals\/jacob-roggeveen-1722\/<\/span><\/p>\n

Fischer, S. R. (2006). <\/span>Island at the end of the world: The turbulent history of Easter Island<\/span><\/i> (1. paperback ed). Reaktion Books.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019ADN apunta que els rapanui van arribar a Am\u00e8rica dos segles abans que Colom<\/span><\/i>. (s.d.). Recuperat 15 setembre 2024, de https:\/\/www.arabalears.cat\/societat\/l-adn-apunta-rapanui-arribar-america-segles-colom_1_5137926.html<\/span><\/p>\n

Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Sousa da Mota, B., Higham, T., Klemm, S., Gorman Edmunds, M., Stenderup, J., Iraeta-Orbegozo, M., Laborde, V., Heyer, E., Torres Hochstetter, F., Friess, M., Allentoft, M. E., Schroeder, H., Delaneau, O., & Malaspinas, A.-S. (2024). Ancient Rapanui genomes reveal resilience and pre-European contact with the Americas. <\/span>Nature<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>633<\/span><\/i>(8029), 389-397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07881-4<\/span><\/p>\n

Raybaud, C. (2022). <\/span>Jacob Roggeveen dans le pacifique: Rapa Nui -Tuamotu Makatea-Bora-Bora-Maupiti…\u202f: il Y A 300 Ans (1722-2022)<\/span><\/i>. M\u00e9moire du Pacifique.<\/span><\/p>\n

Roggeveen, J., & Roggeveen, J. (1970). <\/span>The journal of Jacob Roggeveen<\/span><\/i> (A. Sharp, Ed.). Clarendon Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rull, V. (2020). The deforestation of Easter Island. <\/span>Biological Reviews<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>95<\/span><\/i>(1), 124-141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.12556<\/span><\/p>\n

SciSpace Literature Review\u2014Get to the bottom of scientific literature<\/span><\/i>. (s.d.). Recuperat 18 setembre 2024, de https:\/\/typeset.io\/search<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Quan era molt jovenet vaig llegir el llibre de Thor Heyerdahl \u201cAku-Aku: el secret de l\u2019illa de Pasqua\u201d que per jo va ser molt interessant. Pareix que Heyerdahl\u00a0 anava foradat respecte a l\u2019origen inicialment sud-americ\u00e0 dels habitants de l\u2019illa (que eren polinesis) i tamb\u00e9 respecte a les t\u00e8cniques de fabricaci\u00f3 i transport dels moais (que […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1258,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1250","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sin-categorizar"],"yoast_head":"\nLa utopia for\u00e7ada de Rapa Nui - Paraules Desobedients<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Els fets desmenteixen la idea que davant de qualsevol mena de col\u00b7lapse anem necess\u00e0riament cap a una distopia. 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